MOTS-c

MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the mitochondrial genome, representing a novel class of signaling molecules that regulate metabolic homeostasis. Research demonstrates MOTS-c acts as an exercise mimetic, activating AMPK and other metabolic pathways typically stimulated by physical exercise. The peptide improves insulin sensitivity, enhances glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, and promotes fat oxidation. Studies indicate MOTS-c levels decline with age, potentially contributing to metabolic dysfunction and age-related diseases. Administration of MOTS-c has shown protective effects against diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in animal models. The peptide may influence longevity through its effects on mitochondrial function and cellular stress responses. Research suggests potential applications for type 2 diabetes, obesity, and healthy aging. MOTS-c represents an emerging area of mitochondrial biology with implications for understanding the mitochondria's role as a signaling organelle beyond energy production.

Most functional evidence comes from mice; human data are observational (circulating levels) with an interventional trial still underway. Dose, pharmacokinetics, and safety of exogenous MOTS-c in humans are not yet established.

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA (within the 12S rRNA region) believed to act partly through AMPK-related signaling. Published human pharmacokinetics (half-life, optimized route/dosing) are not available; the registered trial is expected to provide initial human data.