Liraglutide

Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist with 97% amino acid sequence homology to native human GLP-1, modified with a fatty acid side chain enabling once-daily dosing through albumin binding. FDA-approved as Victoza for type 2 diabetes and Saxenda for chronic weight management, liraglutide works by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon release, slowing gastric emptying, and reducing appetite through central satiety pathways. Clinical trials demonstrate significant improvements in glycemic control (HbA1c reduction), body weight loss, and cardiovascular outcomes. The LEADER trial established cardiovascular safety and showed reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events. Research indicates benefits for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and potential neuroprotective effects. Liraglutide is administered via subcutaneous injection with gradual dose titration to minimize gastrointestinal side effects including nausea. The peptide represented a major advancement in incretin-based therapies and paved the way for newer, more potent GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, requiring dose titration; increased risks of gallbladder disease and signals for pancreatitis have been reported, and weight is typically regained after stopping. Long-term use in normal-weight individuals for cosmetic purposes has not been studied.

Once-daily subcutaneous injection; GLP-1 receptor agonist with ~97% sequence homology to native GLP-1, with fatty-acid derivatization enabling albumin binding and a terminal half-life of ~13 hours. Actions include glucose-dependent insulin secretion, glucagon suppression, slowed gastric emptying, and central appetite reduction.